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frances - The Civil Rights ACt: !964

__The Civil Rights Act__ This “the Civil Rights Act” was an act that gave more freedom and civil rights to all American (US) citizens. The new rights were: Ø “ Separating people of different races, classes, or ethnic groups, as in schools, housing, and public or commercial facilities, especially as a form of discrimination.” Was band in public places Ø In employment, racial discrimination was band Ø Equal Employment Opportunities Commission was established to investigate complaints of discrimination As you can see on the right there is a picture of **The Cicil Right Act of 1964,** which was taken in the White House Pre As you can see on the rigth there is a pic of **The Civil Rights Act of 1964**  Photo by Cecil Stoughton, White House Press Office)

** 1963:protest in Alabama-Thao ** In April 1962, Birmingham, Alabama, was the focal point of the right movement. It is one of the most violent cells of the KKK (Ku Klux Klan). Because of this, Civil Rights leaders organised a campaign against regregation in Alabama. More than 300,000 people took part. "Project C"-which is given by Martin Luther King,- in which C stands for confontation, the strategy of nonviolent direct action designed to confront segregation through peaceful demonstrations. The police suppressed, quite likely through violent means. The leaders reasoned correctly. The response of Bull Connor was as expected. Police dogs and fire hoses were used to disperse the demonstrators. After 3 days of the protest, more than 2,000 people, mainly children, were arrested and imprisoned.

It was a SUCCESS. President Kenedy has claimed that regregation is no more allowed in Birmingham.

1955:Montgomery Bus Boycott.-Hieu  O n the 1st of December 1955, Mrs. Rosa Parks, an African-American seamstress, was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama for not standing and letting a white bus rider take her seat. I t was a " rule " in the American south at that time that African-American riders had to sit at the back of the bus. African-American riders were also expected to “surrender” their seat to a white bus rider if it was needed. W hen asked to move to let a white bus rider be seated Mrs. Parks refused. She did not argue and she did not move. The police were called and Mrs. Parks was arrested. Mrs. Parks was not the first African American to fight against this rule. On the same day, Dr. Martin Luther King and others in the African American leaders felt a protest or something was needed and a meeting was called. An overflowing crowd came to the church to listen to his words. Dr. King told the crowd that the only way they could fight back would be to boycott the bus company.

On the morning of 5th December, most of the African Americans refuse to use the bus service transportation. Most of them walked and only a little amount of people went by bus on that day. Dr. King and the other African-American community leaders held another meeting to organize future action. They named their organization the Montgomery Improvement Association and elected Dr. King as its president. As the boycott continued the white community fought back with terrorism and harassment. The car-pool drivers were arrested for picking up hitchhikers. African-Americans waiting on street corners for a ride were arrested for loitering. On January 30, 1956 Dr. King's home was bombed. His wife and their baby daughter escaped without injury. When Dr. King arrived home he found an angry mob waiting. Dr. King told the crowd to go home. "We must learn to meet hate with love" he said.

The boycott continued for over a year. It eventually took the United States Supreme Court to end the boycott. On November 13, 1956 the Court declared that Alabama's state and local laws in Alabama was banned. The following morning, December 21, 1956, Dr. King and Rev. Glen Smiley, a white minister, shared the front seat of a public bus. The boycott had lasted 381 days. The boycott was a success.

Rosa Parks passed away on the evening of October 24th 2005. She was 92 years old

=Greensboro sit-in=

On February 1, 1960 , four African American students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, a historically black university, sat at a segregated lunch counter in the Greensboro, North Carolina, Woolworth's store. This lunch counter only had chairs and stools for whites, and blacks had to stand up and eat.Blacks were refused service, they were allowed to stay at the counter. The four students were aware that Woolworth’s would not serve blacks at their lunch counter but they sat down, planning what they had been discussing for a month prior to the sit-in. In the morning the four students and 23 other men and 4 women showed up at Woolworth’s to protest. As the days went on, more students from the Agricultural and Technical State University as well as Bennett College and Dudley High School (all with a dominantly African American student population) participated in the Woolworth sit-in.The number of students grew so large that by February 5, four days after the sit-in began, 300 students arrived at Woolworth’s to take part in the peaceful protest. On February 6, tensions mounted between the blacks and whites at the lunch counter. The football team from the university used their size to threaten anyone who tried to stop the protest. As white reaction to the demonstration grew more violent, a bomb scared the protesters out of Woolworth's.

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