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__//**Syon Yoon - 1964: the Civil Rights**//__ this site is about what was the civil rights in the 1964 and how did it start and end. Brief information: [] =__CHANGED:__=

All the US citizens were given the following rights: The bill was introduced by President Jonh F. Kennedy in his civil rights speech of June 12, 1963, which was when he asked for, "giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public—hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar establishments," as well as "greater protection for the right to vote." Then, he sent a bill to Congress on June 19. Copying the Civil rights act in 1875. The bill was sent to the House of Representatives, and referred to the House Judiciary Committee, chaired by Emmanuel Celler. After a series of hearings on the bill, Celler's board greatly strengthened the act, adding laws to ban racial discrimination in employment, providing greater protection to black voters, eliminating segregation in all publicly-owned facilities (not just schools), and strengthening the anti-segregation clauses regarding public facilities such as lunch counters. They also added authorization for the Attorney General to file lawsuits to protect individuals against the deprivation of any rights secured by the Constitution or U.S. law. In essence, this was the controversial "Title III" that had been removed from the 1957 and 1960 Acts. Civil rights organizations pressed hard for this provision because it could be used to protect peaceful protesters and black voters from police brutality and suppression of free speech rights.
 * Segregation in public places was banned.
 * Racial discrimination was banned in employment.
 * An Equal Employment Opportunities Commission was established to investigate complaints of discrimination.
 * In 1965 the Voting Act was also passed.

The following year, the very same Congress would view sex-based discrimination as ridiculous or that any member of that Congress would believe that the addition of sex as a protected class would scuttle the bill. This sex discrimination was added by Howard W. Smith, a powerful Virginian Democrat who chaired the House Rules Committee and who had strongly opposed the Civil Rights Act.
 * __Women Rights:__**

 This hyperlink is about this woman about Rosa Park remembering her times in the Bus : [|**http://www.squidoo.com/roseparksremembered**]
 * //__Camelle - The Montgomery Bus Boycott__//**

Rosa Park caught in Montogomery, Albama. The sgregation laws were harsh in Alabama. She refused to give up her seat to a white man. So, she was arrested and jailed. The next morning at a church meeting led by Martin Luther King, a citywide boycott of public transit was proposed to demand a fixed dividing line for the segregated sections of the buses. Such a line would have meant that if the white section of the bus was oversubscribed, whites would have to stand; blacks would not be forced to remit their seats to whites. Then 11 months later or so, the boycott lasted. In November 1956, the Supreme Court declared that segregation on buses was illegal.

Much better Camelle. You have described this well.

__//**Karvin - Resistance in little rock**//__ Little Rock, Arkansas, was in a slowly progressing Southern state. Disaster struck, unfortunately, when Orval Faubus (the governor of Arkansas) told the National Guard on September 4th to come out and prevent the right of entry to an integrated school, called Little Rock Central High School, to 9 African American students who had sued for the right to enter the school. The nine students had been chosen to attend the school because of the excellent grades achieved by them. On the first day of school, only one of the nine students came to school because she did not receive the phone call about the dangers of going to school. She was harassed by protesters outside the school, and the police had to take her away in a police patrol car to protect her from physical and mental damage. Afterwards, the nine students had to carpool (an escort involving many cars) to school and be escorted by military personnel in jeeps. President Dwight D. Eisenhower took control of the National Guard and ordered them to return to their stationary posts. Eisenhower then deployed elements of the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock to protect the students. The students were able to attend high school. Although they had to pass through a battle zone of spitting, insulting whites who arrived at school on their first day, and they also had to put up with harassment from fellow students for the rest of the year. Although federal troops escorted the students between classes, the students were still teased and even attacked by white students when the soldiers weren't around. One of Little Rock’s integrated students, Minnijean Brown, was expelled for spilling a bowl of chilli on the head of a white student who was harassing her in the school lunch line. Only one of Little Rock’s integrated students, Ernest Green, got the opportunity to graduate; after the 1957-58 school year was over, the Little Rock school system decided to shut public schools completely rather than continue to integrate due to the racial actions caused by integrations. Other school systems across the South followed suit.

__**//Sally - Protest in Alabama//**__ Some information about the Alabama protest in 1963 in this hyperlink [|**//http://www.eotu.uiuc.edu/pedagogy/grogers/GRP/Birmingham_1.htm//**]

In April 1963 civil rights leaders organised a campaign of marches and sit-ins against segregation in Birmingham, Alabama. More than 30,000 people took apart. On 2 May 1963 a large group of black children marched towards the white area of town to protest against segregation. The following day, more children marched. Birmingham's Chief of Police, Bull Conor, ordered the police to use water cannons on the crowd. Police dogs were set on the marchers. After three days of protest, more than 2000 people, mostly children, had been arrested and imprisoned. The actions of Bull Conor shocked many Amercians who was the scenes on their televisio stes. President Kennedy demanded that segregation should be ended in Birmingham. A week later, the council in Birmingham gave into the protesters' demands.